International Journal of Renewable Energy Development
The scope of journal encompasses: Photovoltaic technology, Solar thermal applications, Biomass, Wind energy technology, Material science and technology, Low energy Architecture, Geothermal energy, Wave and Tidal energy, Hydro power, Hydrogen Production Technology, Energy Policy, Socio-economic on energy, Energy efficiency and management The journal was first introduced in February 2012 and regularly published online three times a year (February, July, October).
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<![CDATA[Improvement of the Performance of Graphite Felt Electrodes for Vanadium-Redox-Flow-Batteries by Plasma Treatment ]]>
<![CDATA[Hammer, Eva-Maria]]>;
<![CDATA[Berger, Benedikt]]>;
<![CDATA[Komsiyska, Lidiya]]>
<![CDATA[ International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 3, No 1 (2014): February 2014 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy, Diponegoro University ]]>
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DOI: 10.14710/ijred.3.1.7-12
<![CDATA[In the frame of the present contribution oxidizing plasma pretreatment is used for the improvement of the electrocatalytic activity of graphite felt electrodes for Vanadium-Redox-Flow-Batteries (VRB). The influence of the working gas media on the catalytic activity and the surface morphology is demonstrated. The electrocatalytical properties of the graphite felt electrodes were examined by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The obtained results show that a significant improvement of the redox reaction kinetics can be achieved for all plasma modified samples using different working gasses (Ar, N2 and compressed air) in an oxidizing environment. Nitrogen plasma treatment leads to the highest catalytical activities at the same operational conditions. Through a variation of the nitrogen plasma treatment duration a maximum performance at about 14 min cm-2was observed, which is also represented by a minimum of 90 Ω in the charge transfer resistance obtained by EIS measurements. The morphology changes of the graphitized surface were followed using SEM.]]>
<![CDATA[Assessing The Current Indonesia’s Electricity Market Arrangements and The Opportunities to Reform ]]>
<![CDATA[Setyawan, Dhani]]>
<![CDATA[ International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 3, No 1 (2014): February 2014 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy, Diponegoro University ]]>
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DOI: 10.14710/ijred.3.1.55-64
<![CDATA[Existing subsidy arrangements and institutional settings in the Indonesian electricity sector distort investment decisions and lead to higher cost. Electricity supply is characterized by natural monopoly characteristics, requiring different management by governments than sectors with more straightforward market characteristics. Many countries have undergone significant re-structuring of their electricity sectors, away from one, state owned and vertically integrated monopoly supplier to a setting whereby competition has emerged either at the generation level and/or the retail level. Transmission and distribution networks are typically heavily regulated and transparent access arrangements are put in place as part of the restructuring efforts. The analysis showed that the current structure of Indonesia’s electricity sector firmly within Model 2 (the single buyer model) and highlights that Indonesia is currently towards the less-competitive end of the spectrum of Model 2, identifying significant potential for efficiency enhancing reforms within this structure. Constitutional limitations have hampered previous efforts to restructure the sector in Indonesia but there is significant room for incremental reform to improve incentives in the sector and reduce the cost of generation in the process.]]>
<![CDATA[Woodfuel in Rwanda: Impact on Energy, Poverty, Environment and Policy Instruments analysis ]]>
<![CDATA[Mazimpaka, Ernest]]>
<![CDATA[ International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 3, No 1 (2014): February 2014 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy, Diponegoro University ]]>
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DOI: 10.14710/ijred.3.1.21-32
<![CDATA[Rwanda’s geographical and socio-economic situations have shaped the energy situation and limited access to modern fuels. Woodfuel is the main source of energy for households and its trade a source of income and jobs in rural areas. Currently 85.2% of households’ land holding is less than 1 ha, insufficient to grow food and fuelwood for a household of the average size of 5.5 persons. Without well documented reports of the individual impact of each deforestation factor, woodfuels have been most blamed. This paper investigates how the current woodfuel industry impacts on energy, poverty and forests and analyses the woodfuel policy instruments. Considering woodfuel consumption under an only environmental or energy perspective has resulted in a search for a narrowly environmental or energy solution. Both failed to solve the problem of forest depletion. Current regulations limit the benefits traditionally derived from woodfuel commoditisation leading to a negative attitude towards policy instruments. The processes involved in producing charcoal and using it as a cooking fuel is inefficient and resource intensive. The barriers to large dissemination of improved cooking stoves include availability, relatively low cost of woodfuels, lack of improved stove diversity on the local market and weak government policy in regard to the woodfuel industry. Policies aiming to substitute or reduce woodfuel consumption, have not achieved the desired results and their implementations have not unarguably reduced deforestation. The paper recommends the community-based woodfuel production as sustainable management approaches to mobilise community support for sustainable forestry management and woodfuel production.]]>
<![CDATA[Soybean Opportunity as Source of New Energy in Indonesia ]]>
<![CDATA[Muchlish Adie, M.]]>;
<![CDATA[Krisnawati, Ayda]]>
<![CDATA[ International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 3, No 1 (2014): February 2014 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy, Diponegoro University ]]>
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DOI: 10.14710/ijred.3.1.37-43
<![CDATA[These last few years, the name of soybeans soared as a source of biodiesel. Soy biodiesel is an alternative fuel produced from soybean oil. Soybean potential as an alternative renewable energy source because it is expected to have the highest energy content compared to other alternative fuels. Opportunities to develop biodiesel using soybean oil in Indonesia is quite large, considering the soybean is a commodity that is already known and widely cultivated almost in all over Indonesia. In addition, the use of soybean for biofuel feedstock is expected to motivate farmers to cultivate soybeans, so their use is not limited to non-energy raw materials. Soybean varieties that have a high oil content as well as high yield is a source of major biodiesel feedstock. From 73 soybean varieties that have been released in Indonesia, has an average oil content of 18%. Varieties with high oil content can be used as raw material for biodiesel. Research on the use of soy as an ingredient of energy crops (biodiesel) have been carried out. In fact, soybean oil is the vegetable oil feedstock for most of the biodiesel being produced in the United States today. With the potential for soybean crops in Indonesia, both in terms of availability of land and varieties, the use of soybean oil for biofuel development in Indonesia is the flagship prospective materials for bio fuel substitute than other plants in the future.]]>
<![CDATA[Evaluation of Cathode Gas Composition and Temperature Influences on Alkaline Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (AAEMFC) Performance ]]>
<![CDATA[Leyla, Topal]]>;
<![CDATA[Nunes Kirchner, Carolina]]>;
<![CDATA[Germer, Wiebke]]>;
<![CDATA[Zobel, Marco]]>;
<![CDATA[Dyck, Alexander]]>
<![CDATA[ International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 3, No 1 (2014): February 2014 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy, Diponegoro University ]]>
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DOI: 10.14710/ijred.3.1.65-72
<![CDATA[The effects of different temperatures (55, 65, 75 and 85 °C) and cathode gas compositions (O2, synthetic air, air and 90% synthetic air+10% CO2) on alkaline anion exchange membrane fuel cell (AAEMFC) were evaluated. Membrane electrode assemblies (MEA) were fabricated using commercial anion exchange membrane (AEM) in OH- form and Pt catalyst. Polarization curves and voltage responses during constant current were performed in order to describe the influences of temperature and gas composition on the AAEMFC performance. The experimental results showed that the fuel cell performance increases with elevating temperatures for all applied gas compositions. Highest power density of 34.7 mW cm-2 was achieved for pure O2 as cathode feed. A decrease to 20.3 mW cm-2 was observed when cathode gas composition was changed to synthetic air due to reduction of the O2 partial pressure. The presence of CO2 in atmospheric air applied to the cathode stream caused a further drop of the maximum power density to 15.2 mW cm-2 driven by neutralization of OH- ions with CO2.]]>
<![CDATA[Characteristics of Waste Plastics Pyrolytic Oil and Its Applications as Alternative Fuel on Four Cylinder Diesel Engines ]]>
<![CDATA[Nugroho Pratama, Nosal]]>;
<![CDATA[Saptoadi, Harwin]]>
<![CDATA[ International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 3, No 1 (2014): February 2014 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy, Diponegoro University ]]>
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DOI: 10.14710/ijred.3.1.13-20
<![CDATA[Waste plastics recycling using pyrolysis method is not only able to decrease a number of environment pollutant but also able to produce economical and high quality hydrocarbon products. Two experiments were conducted to completely study Waste Plastic Pyrolytic Oil (WPPO) characteristics and its applications. First experiment investigated oil characteristics derived from pyrolysis process in two stages batch reactors: pyrolysis and catalytic reforming reactor, at maximum temperature 500oC and 450oC respectively. Waste Polyethylene (PE), Polypropylene (PP), Polystyrene (PS), Polyethylene Terepthalate (PET) and others were used as raw material. Nitrogen flow rate at 0.8 l/minutes was used to increase oil weight percentage. Indonesian natural zeolite was used as catalyst. Then, second experiment was carried out on Diesel Engine Test Bed (DETB) used blending of WPPO and Biodiesel fuel with a volume ratio of 1:9. This experiment was specifically conducted to study how much potency of blending of WPPO and biodiesel in diesel engine. The result of first experiment showed that the highest weight percentage of WPPO derived from mixture of PE waste (50%wt), PP waste (40%wt) and PS waste (10%wt) is 45.13%wt. The more weight percentage of PE in feedstock effected on the less weight percentage of WPPO, the more percentage of C12-C20 content in WPPO and the higher calorific value of WPPO. Characteristics of WPPO such as, Specific Gravity, Flash point, Pour Point, Kinematic Viscosity, Calorific value and percentage of C12-C20 showed interesting result that WPPO could be developed as alternative fuel on diesel fuel blending due to the proximity of their characteristics. Performance of diesel engine using blending of WPPO and biodiesel on second experiment gave good result so the WPPO will have great potency to be valuable alternative liquid fuel in future, especially on stationary diesel engine and transportation engine application.]]>
<![CDATA[Optimization of Concentration and EM4 Augmentation for Improving Bio-Gas Productivity from Jatropha curcas Linn Capsule Husk ]]>
<![CDATA[G.A, Praptiningsih]]>;
<![CDATA[Hendroko, Roy]]>;
<![CDATA[Wahono, Satriyo K]]>;
<![CDATA[Sasmito, Andi]]>;
<![CDATA[O. Nelwan, Leopold]]>;
<![CDATA[Nindita, Anggi]]>;
<![CDATA[Liwang, Tony]]>
<![CDATA[ International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 3, No 1 (2014): February 2014 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy, Diponegoro University ]]>
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DOI: 10.14710/ijred.3.1.73-78
<![CDATA[Most literature suggests that two-phase digestion is more efficient than single-phase. The series of two-phase digestion studies have been conducted from 2011 to 2013 at the research farm of PT Bumimas Ekapersada, West Java, Indonesia. This paper reports on a research on optimation of concentration and augmentation of EM-4 (effective microorganism-4), a local commercial decomposer, as efforts to stabilize a biogas technology which made from husk capsules of Jatropha curcas Linn (DH-JcL). The studies of increasing organic loading rate (OLR) for the two-phase digestion was conducted to improve efficiency. The concentration variable studied was 1: 8 (1 part DH-JCL and 8 parts water), compared to 1: 12 as a control. The augmentation treatment is the addition of EM-4 by 5% (v/v). It was also examined the augmentation of F2-EM4 (150 times duplication of EM-4) due to cost consideration. The studies were conducted in the laboratory which using a liter and two liters of glass digester and glass wool as immobilized growth. The results of this study support the previous studies: the optimum concentration was 1: 8, EM-4 was able to increase biogas production in two-phase digestion, yet biogas production decrease at single-phase. F2-EM4’s ability to support production of biogas were equivalent to that of EM-4.]]>
<![CDATA[Pre-treatment of Used-Cooking Oil as Feed Stocks of Biodiesel Production by Using Activated Carbon and Clay Minerals ]]>
<![CDATA[Syah Putra, Rudy]]>;
<![CDATA[Shabur Juliantoa, Tatang]]>;
<![CDATA[Hartono, Puji]]>;
<![CDATA[Dyah Puspitasaria, Ratih]]>;
<![CDATA[Kurniawan, Angga]]>
<![CDATA[ International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 3, No 1 (2014): February 2014 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy, Diponegoro University ]]>
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DOI: 10.14710/ijred.3.1.33-35
<![CDATA[Many low-cost feedstock i.e. used-cooking oil (UCO) for the production of biodiesel fuel (BDF) has contained a large amount of water and high proportion of free fatty acids (FFAs). Therefore, a pre-treatment process to reduce the water content (<0.1 wt.%) and FFAs (<2.0 wt.%) were necessary in order to avoid an undesirable side reactions, such as saponification, which could lead to serious problem of product separation and low fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield. . In this study, a pre-treatment process of used cooking oil as a feedstock for the production of BDF by using various adsorbents such as Activated Carbon (AC) and various clay minerals, for example Smectite (S), Bentonite (B), Kaolinite (K), and Powdered Earthenware (PE) were evaluated. The oil obtained from pre-treatment was compared with oil without pre-treatment process. In this study, we reported a basic difference in material ability to the oil, depending on the adsorption condition with respect to the physico-chemical parameters, e.g. refractive index (R), density (Ï), FFAs, and water content (W). The results showed that the water content and FFAs in the oil has decreased when using AC as an adsorbent compared with clay minerals. However, the refractive index of oil has similar with the oil without pre-treatment process as well; meanwhile, the density of oil has increased after the pre-treatment process by using clay minerals.]]>
<![CDATA[Financial Measures for Electric Vehicles:Supporting the Integration of Renewable Energy in the Mobility Sector in Germany ]]>
<![CDATA[Bickert, Stefan]]>
<![CDATA[ International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 3, No 1 (2014): February 2014 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy, Diponegoro University ]]>
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DOI: 10.14710/ijred.3.1.45-53
<![CDATA[Electric vehicles (EV) are able to support the transition of sectors towards sustainability. The operation of these vehicles with renewable energies saves local and global emissions. Furthermore, fluctuating renewable energies can be integrated in existing energy systems by using electric vehicles for grid services. Thus, implementation of advantages requires market establishment of electric vehicles. The article provides a review on potentials of market development by comparing and studying costs of electric and conventional vehicles as well as effects of financial measures on costs of EV. These cost comparisons are based on market data and predictions of cost developments for private consumers in Germany. Costs are analysed by an economic model of Total Cost of Ownership (TCO), aiming to display financial proportionality between vehicles in different years of acquisition (2010 to 2030). In a further step, external financial measures are analysed and integrated in the cost model as one possibility to enhance and secure the market introduction. Findings demonstrate that higher costs of acquisition of electric vehicles cannot be compensated by lower costs of operation. While mobility costs of conventionally vehicles stay constant or even increase during the considered years, mobility costs of electric vehicles significantly decrease especially in the upcoming years. In all cases mobility costs of electric vehicles exceed costs of conventional vehicles, but differences are reduced from 19€ct in 2010 to 3€ct in 2030. Cost decreases of the battery have high influence on the increasing financial comparability of EV. Concerning financial measures especially a differentiation of energy prices and a compensation of grid services can help to decrease total costs of EV and to manage a shift from fossil energy resources to electricity in the mobility sector. The existing tax exemption for EV compensates only a little fraction (about 6%) of the cost difference. This highlights the importance of research on incentive schemes to support market integration of EV and thereby the integration of renewable energies in the mobility sector. This integration is supported by the possibility of storing surplus fluctuating renewable energy in the batteries of EV.]]>
<![CDATA[Biogas Filter Based on Local Natural Zeolite Materials ]]>
<![CDATA[Krido Wahono, Satriyo]]>;
<![CDATA[Anggo Rizal, Wahyu]]>
<![CDATA[ International Journal of Renewable Energy Development Vol 3, No 1 (2014): February 2014 ]]>
Publisher : <![CDATA[Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy, Diponegoro University ]]>
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DOI: 10.14710/ijred.3.1.1-5
<![CDATA[UPT BPPTK LIPI has created a biogas filter tool to improve the purity of methane in the biogas. The device shaped cylindrical tube containing absorbent materials which based on local natural zeolite of Indonesia. The absorbent has been activated and modified with other materials. This absorbtion material has multi-adsorption capacity for almost impurities gas of biogas. The biogas  filter increase methane content of biogas for 5-20%. The biogas filter improve the biogas’s performance such as increasing methane contents, increasing heating value, reduction of odors, reduction of corrosion potential, increasing the efficiency and stability of the generator.]]>
